With more people staying indoors during the pandemic, some may have been deprived of vitamin D.

Normally, many of us get it by spending time outside. Our skin makes it when exposed to the sun.

The NHS says people should consider taking 10 micrograms of vitamin D a day if they are spending a lot of time indoors.

Scottish and Welsh governments and Northern Ireland’s Public Health Agency issued similar advice during lockdown.

Before the pandemic, people in the UK were already advised to consider taking supplements from October to March.

Public Health England recommends vitamin D throughout the year if:

People with dark skin may also not be getting enough, even if they spend time outdoors, and should consider an all-year-round supplement.

There is evidence that black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people have a higher risk of getting seriously ill with coronavirus.

Vitamin D is important for healthy bones, teeth and muscles. A lack of it can lead to a bone deformity illness called rickets in children, and a similar bone weakness condition called osteomalacia in adults.

There are also suggestions that vitamin D boosts the immune system and helps fight off infections.

Some studies suggest adequate vitamin D levels help when we have common colds and flu, for example. But evidence from research is inconsistent.

The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) says studies on using vitamin D for treating or preventing chest infections showed insufficient evidence to recommend it for this.

A review of research by NICE suggests there is no evidence to support taking vitamin D supplements to specifically prevent or treat coronavirus.

But experts think that it may have some broader health benefits during the pandemic to keep people as nutritionally fit as possible.

Some researchers have suggested that vitamin D deficiency might be linked with poorer outcomes if someone catches coronavirus. But other underlying risk factors, such as heart disease, are common in these patients too, making it hard to draw conclusions.

Prof Jon Rhodes, Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Liverpool, says vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effects, and some research suggests it may dampen down the body’s immune response to viruses.

This could be relevant in very ill coronavirus patients, where severe lung damage can result from an inflammatory state in response to the virus, he says, although much more research is needed.

No. Although vitamin D supplements are very safe, taking more than the recommended amount every day can be dangerous in the long run.

If you choose to take vitamin D supplements: